The Concept of the Corporate Governance Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Why is acceptable Corporate Governance Essential for a MNE? 2.What exercises in regards to Proper Corporate Governance Practices, Especially while working together Globally, can be gained from the Events alluded before? 3.How does Financial Market Development Influence or identify with great Corporate Governance Practices? Clarify. Answers: Presentation Corporate Governance is the procedure of usage of different principles, procedures and practices that administers the different tasks of the business associations. The primary point of corporate administration is to direct and control all the activities of the organizations (Brealey et al., 2012). Corporate administration has a huge task to carry out in the money related exercises of the business firms. There are examples of various types of budgetary embarrassments and extortion everywhere throughout the world. The principle purpose for this is the ill-advised execution of corporate administration. The fundamental point of the report is to anlyyze and assesses different parts of corporate administration with respect to money related parts of the associations. 1.The idea of the Corporate Governance has been increasing an expansion from the previous ten years or more and a wide scope of mainlands and nations has accomplished the interests in the structure of the Corporate Governance. The structure is simply not applied to the bigger partnerships of people in general yet in addition incorporates the wide scope of different types of the organizations that incorporate the endeavors that are possessed by states, likewise the organizations claimed by the families and furthermore the charitable associations. The Governance is identified with the exhibitions and along these lines, the redemption of the great outcomes must be given to the investors and the equivalent must incorporate the general public, partners, network and the budgetary and conservative angles all in all. The better structure of a corporate administration prompts a commitment towards the assistance of the intensity access towards the capital markets. It in this way, helps in the turn of events and the development of the money related markets alongside the upsurge of the practical turn of events. The upgrade and the advancement of the practices in the corporate administration can help in the improvement of the dynamic procedure that is a piece of both the inside and between the overseeing assortments of the organization. It in this manner brings about the upgrade of the effective strategies of the activities identified with the business and fund of an organization (Simionato, 2014). The accepted procedures of a corporate administration brings about the improvement of the arrangement of responsibility and in this manner prompts the hazard and extortion minimization. It ought to have an affirmation of the compliances with the laws and guidelines pertinent for the lead of a powerful arrangement of administration (Lojpur Draskovic, 2013). The solid and compelling administration gives access towards the capital and the development in the financial conditions. Great and solid corporate administration gives a confirmation that the earth of the business is simply and sensibly straightforward in structure. In solid administration, the organizations can be considered at risk and liable for their dealings and strategies. Then again, in the event that the corporate administration is powerless, at that point it can prompt abuse, carelessness, and untruthfulness. It should likewise be noted and recalled that despite the fact that, the act of the corporate administration has come out as a method of dealing with the advanced organizations, the equivalent has an equivalent significance in the undertakings claimed by states, family possessed organizations and different cooperatives (Jeston Nelis, 2014). Just a decent administration structure has a capacity of conveying the best exhibitions of a decent and economical business, paying little mind to any sort and nature of an endeavor. 2.Three of the major corporate administration outrages are the ongoing declaring financial insolvency by Hanjin Shipping; the Toshiba bookkeeping extortion embarrassment and the Volkswagen emanation outrage. The basic subject behind these three outrages is the flaw in corporate administration. Notwithstanding, these three embarrassments have shown numerous significant corporate administration exercises to the world. These significant exercises are talked about under: The ongoing seeking financial protection by Hanjin Shipping: One of the significant exercises of this case is that the business associations should be prepared to confront significant interruptions during the time spent business. The business associations need to have preparatory techniques to confront these unsettling influences (Kim, 2016). The subsequent exercise is that the business associations must have command over the flexibly chain of the association. The absolute creation and circulation forms to a great extent rely upon the gracefully chain of the association, Hence, the organizations must have appropriate grasp over the flexibly chain of the association. The business associations need to find a way to amplify the creation limit of every business areas. This procedure will build the income and benefit of the associations. One of the significant exercises is that the associations should successfully plot the hazard relief methodologies (Sun, Zi-Yi Yoshida, 2013). This is th e significant exercise that one can get from the Hanjin Shipping case. The Toshiba bookkeeping misrepresentation outrage: One of the significant exercises that one can get from the Toshiba bookkeeping embarrassment is the reasonable and honest portrayal of the money related data. There must not be any sort of exploitative practices in the fiscal summaries of the business associations (FRAUDS, 2015). This exercise is pertinent regardless of the size and kind of industry. Another exercise is that there must not be any sort of anomaly in the bookkeeping procedure of the business associations. Another significant exercise is the best possible direct of review activity in the business associations (Jennings, 2015). It tends to be seen that there is a profound association between the bookkeeping procedure and the review activity as both rely upon one another. Subsequently, to abstain from bookkeeping embarrassment in the association, the correct lead of review activity is required. The Volkswagen discharge embarrassment: There are three significant exercises that one can acquire from the outrage of Volkswagen. According to the primary exercise, the business associations must make decent variety of considerations and skill in the overseeing assortments of the association. For the best possible running of the business associations, the administering body assumes a noteworthy job. It is wanted that the administering body is creative (Blackwelder et al., 2016). These advancement prompts the improvement of differentiated musings and thoughts. The subsequent exercise is to build straightforwardness in the association by killing irreconcilable circumstances. Various types of irreconcilable situations can be found in the associations. so as to make the business tasks straightforward, the administering body must dispense with the irreconcilable situations from the associations. The third exercise is to guarantee corporate social duty in the business associations (Crte, 2016). The methodologies of corporate social obligations help the associations to acquire generosity. These are the significant exercises that one can get from the three corporate embarrassment cases. 3.It can be seen that there is a huge connection between the advancement of money related market and the procedure of corporate administration. It is clear that corporate administration is a significant positive factor in the budgetary development of the market and business associations. There are some significant points of interest of corporate administration in the advancement of monetary market. Initially, Corporate administration causes the business associations to expand their entrance to the outside financing (ifc.org, 2017). This procedure has numerous points of interest like it prompts enormous speculations for the business associations; it adds to the higher development of the money related markets; it causes the monetary markets to make incredible work openings and numerous others. From that point forward, compelling corporate administration prompts the bringing down of cost of capital of the business firms. The bringing down of cost of capital expands the valuation of the business associations and the speculation chances of the business firms turns out to be progressively appealing to the financial specialists. Compelling execution of corporate administration prompts better operational execution of the money related markets and this procedure adds to the successful portion of monetary assets in the budgetary markets. Accordingly, all the business associations can exploit this circumstance. Likewise, this procedure makes the monetary associations wealthier. One of the significant relations between the monetary markets and corporate administration is that viable corporate administration assists with diminishing the dangers of the money related markets and business associations. The decrease of dangers is a significant sponsor for the business associations as because of the decrease of hazard factors, they can work openly. Aside from this, the decrease of hazard factors from the budgetary markets assists with diminishing the monetary just as the social expenses. The best possible usage of corporate administration assists with building up better connection between the business associations and their different partners. Then again, great corporate administration helps to improve social and work relationship (Tricker, 2015). These are the principle connections between the improvement of money related market and corporate administration. End According to the above conversation, it very well may be unmistakably comprehended that corporate administration is a significant angle in the monetary tasks of the business associations. The fundamental point of corporate administration is to administer and coordinate the money related exercises of the business firm. Incapable controlling of corporate administration can prompt genuine bookkeeping and budgetary cheats and embarrassments. There significant instances of bookkeeping outrages are the ongoing petitioning for financial protection by Hanjin Shipping, the Toshiba bookkeeping extortion embarrassment and the Volkswagen outflow outrage. From the investigation of t

Role of Banks in Real Estate Financing in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Job of Banks in Real Estate Financing in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example The land blast in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has pulled in banks to finance the tasks in this division. Banks financing land make a success win situation for the proprietors just as the banks. There are different lenders in land including the Saudi Arabia Government. The terms and conditions for the banks and other land agents shift contingent upon the venture and area. Banks have been assuming a significant job in financing land segment in Saudi Arabia expanding the present blast in the division, loaning banks and the land proprietors benefit from this course of action which might be influenced by monetary and political elements raising a few difficulties which can unfavorably influence the gainfulness to the two accomplices. The land Sector The land area is one of the quickest developing on the planet if not the quickest. It is the main part on the planet that has opposed the standard at present. Regardless of downturn and financial stoppage in a large portion of the nations on the planet, the land part keeps on developing at an astounding pace. This has prompted expanded costs for both created properties and lacking area. A portion of the top hotspot markets for land on the planet today are: China: The most crowded nation on the planet has been getting popularity for lodging. Hong Kong, one of the quickest developing

All-Star LinkedIn Users Are 40 Times More Likely to Get Contacted - Heres How to Score That Rating

All-Star LinkedIn Users Are 40 Times More Likely to Get Contacted - Heres How to Score That Rating Almost every professional knows the importance of LinkedIn, whether someone is job hunting or not. LinkedIn makes it easier for people to locate you online, adds a bit more flavor to what is on your resume and allows you to remain on top of trends and happenings within your industry.LinkedIn is hands down the best platform to promote yourself as a professional and manage your professional network. Because of this, a lot of professionals know they need to have a profile on LinkedIn, and many of them actually do, which is why LinkedIn boasts of more than 500 million users.Still, many of those on LinkedIn do not take full advantage of the benefits offered by the platform because they think simply having a profile is enough.Today, I want to show you how you can make the most of LinkedIn and increase your chances of getting conducted by elevating your LinkedIn profile to an All-Star rating.UNDERSTANDING LINKEDIN’S PROFILE STRENGTHLinkedIn ranks user profiles in five levels depending on the profile’s level of completion. As you complete your profile and add more content to it, your profile strength increases. At the bottom rung is the Beginner Status, which is given to users with less than 50% profile completion.To be ranked as a beginner, you only need to set up your profile and fill in basic information such as your name, your location, one job and three skills.The next level is Intermediate, which is given to users who have reached 50% profile completion. The Intermediate level is followed by Advanced level, which is reserved for users who have reached more than 75% profile completion. This is followed by Expert level, which is given to users who have reached 90% profile completion. At the top of the ladder is the All Star level, which is reserved for users who have 100% profile completion.If you want to increase your chances of success on LinkedIn, the All-Star status is what you should be aiming for. LinkedIn algorithms are designed to give priority to users with complete profiles by ranking them higher in search results compared to users with incomplete profiles.With a complete profile, you are more likely to be found and contacted. Actually, users with an All-Star status are 40 times more likely to get contacted through LinkedIn compared to users who are yet to attain that status.To achieve All-Star status on LinkedIn, there are eight key components that you need to fill in on your profile. Below, we take a look at how to fill in these eight key components in order to score the All-Star status.THE EIGHT KEY COMPONENTS OF ALL-STAR STATUSProfile PhotoIf you do not have a profile photo on your LinkedIn profile, you are making a very huge mistake. Your profile photo is one on the most important elements on your profile. It is your first chance to make an impression on other LinkedIn users and communicate to them that you are likable, trustworthy and friendly.The impression you make with your profile photo matters a lot.A study published in Social Psychological and Personality Science shows that the first impression a person forms about you from a photo is likely to stick even after meeting you in person.Having a profile photo also increases your chances of having your profile viewed. LinkedIn statistics show that profiles with a professional profile photo are 14 times more likely to be viewed, compared to those without a photo. In addition, having a profile photo makes it easier for people to recognize you, especially if there are several other people with a name similar to yours.One thing you need to understand here is that simply having a profile photo is not enough. To increase your chances of getting viewed, your profile photo needs to look professional. Don’t include your spouse, kids, or pets in your LinkedIn profile photo. You should be the only one in the photo, and the background should be clear. Your dressing in the photo should be formal.If you can’t wear it to your workplace, it has no place in your LinkedIn profile photo. Oh, and remember to smile. It makes you look confident, friendly and inviting.Headline Your headline is what appears just below your name. The aim of the headline is to let other people know who you are professionally. When you sign up for your LinkedIn account, LinkedIn’s default suggestion is that you should enter your job title and the name of the company you work for.Sure, that works, but if you want to stand out from the other 562 registered LinkedIn users, you need to be more creative. While the headline is limited to 120 characters, this is more than enough to write an attention grabbing headline. So, how do you write a great headline?Instead of listing your job title and company, use your headline to show your passion and the value you bring to the table. What do clients or companies stand to gain by hiring or working with you? What unique skills do you have?Remember to include industry related keywords (not overused buzzwords) to make easier for r ecruiters and clients to find you. Below are some examples of what you can write on your headline instead of your title and company:Rockstar Content Strategist, Top Performer, Seeking Nonprofit OpportunitiesFinancial Analyst Specializing In Startup IT CompaniesElite Blockchain Programmer With A Passion For Coding And Mastery In Solidity. Java And Python CertifiedThe above headlines are clearly more eye catching than content strategist at ABC or programmer at XYZ.Summary The summary sections gives you a chance to expound on your headline. This is where you introduce yourself and share your personal story directly with your audience. Many people find writing a summary about themselves to be a difficult task, but it need not be. Imagine yourself in an evening cocktail party for people within your industry.Drinks are flowing, the atmosphere is warm and relaxed. You strike a conversation with a charming lady or gentleman, and after a bit of chit chat, they say, “So, tell me about yours elf.” You should write your summary the same way you would answer that question in a relaxed professional setting.When writing your summary, you should talk about things such as what you love about your job, your strengths and specialties, some of the successes you have had in your career, things about your industry that give you satisfaction, and so on.You have 2000 characters to play with here, which is more than enough to show other users why you are someone worthy reaching out to. Below is an example of a great LinkedIn summary.“I am a seasoned content writer with over 7 years’ experience in the tech industry. I’m passionate about helping websites increase their traffic and conversions. I have spent the last 3 years with company XYZ, during which I have grown their website traffic from one million visitors a month to 12 million visitors a month and increased their online sales by 62%. I have been featured on Mashable and Wired. I’m currently offering my services as a w eb consultant. If you’d like us to work together, get in touch through name@mycompany.com.”SkillsLinkedIn is a platform for making professional connections, so it is important to highlight whatever skills you bring to the table. LinkedIn allows you to list up to 50 skills in this section. You don’t have to fill up all the 50 skills though. In order to score the All-Star status, you only need to list a minimum of 5 skills.Wondering why you should bother adding skills to your profile? Well, according to LinkedIn, users with at least 5 skills on their profile are viewed 13 more times on average compared to users who do not have their skills listed on their profiles.While you can list up to 50 skills on your profile, don’t get carried away. You want to make sure that you are sharing the right skills. A good way of identifying relevant skills to list on your profile is to look at the profiles of your colleagues and people you admire within your field. What skills have they listed on their profiles? Take the ones that apply to you and add them to your profile. Don’t limit your list to technical skills only.Many recruiters prioritize job seekers with transferrable soft skills as well, so be sure to highlight one or two soft skills on your profile, such as leadership, communication, collaboration, time management, and so on. Finally, keep in mind that LinkedIn allows you to edit the order in which your skills are shown on your profile. Edit yours and make sure the most important skills are shown first.ExperienceThis section allows you to tell a story of where you have been as a professional. Since you are aiming for the All-Star status, you need to list your current position and two past positions. You won’t be able to score All-Star status without listing two past positions. Need more reason as to why you need to list your previous positions?LinkedIn says that profiles with more than one job listed are 12 times more likely to be viewed than those with jus t the current position.One mistake that many LinkedIn users make when filling out their experience section is to simply mention where they worked and the position they held there. If you want to show your worth to recruiters and prospective employers, you need to do more than that.Share more details about your previous positions.What interesting projects did you work on during your time there? What were your key achievements and accomplishments? What did you deliver? What did you learn? What special credentials did you earn?Use figures to quantify your achievements in each position.If you have any pictures, videos, presentations, press releases or links to support your work experience, don’t be shy to use them.Industry And LocationThe aim of this section is to let other users know what industry you work in and where you are located. Many people do not see the importance of this section and therefore tend to leave it blank. However, you cannot score the All-Star status without fill ing in this section.In addition to the All-Star status, adding your industry and location makes it easier for you to be found. LinkedIn allows users to filter their search results based on industry and location.Adding your industry and location allows users searching for people within your industry or location to find you.EducationTo score the All-Star status, you also need to add your education. Adding your education has a number of benefits beyond propelling you towards All-Star status.First, by listing your highest qualification, you are proving your academic level. Let’s say that you got a Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering, but later decided to pursue a career as a freelance writer or a social media manager. In such an instance, it might seem that your bachelor’s degree has no correlation to your current profession, and it might be tempting to leave it out.However, listing it in your education section shows prospective clients and employers that they are dealing with someon e whose thinking is at university level.Listing your education also makes it easier to build your network by providing you with an opportunity to connect to other users who went to the same school as you.When listing your education, don’t stop at the school you attended and the certification you earned. Use this as another chance to show your worth by talking about any other skills or knowledge you gained during your school days. Were you the president of the student’s union?This is a chance to showcase your leadership skills. Were you a member of the computer club? This is a chance for you to showcase your passion for your industry. Talking about your experiences at school also provides you with a chance to tuck in some extra keywords into your profile, thus making it easier for recruiters, employers and clients to find you.ConnectionsIn order to score All-star status, you also need to have 50 or more LinkedIn connections. Finding people to connect with should not be a difficul t task.There are several ways of finding people you may know on LinkedIn. The first option is to important contacts from your email address. This will bring up a list of LinkedIn users whose contacts you have in your address book. You can then go through the list and send invitations to those you want to add as connections.You can also use the ‘Alumni’ tab, which will bring up a list of people who went to the same school as you. Go through the list and send invitations to those you want to connect with. Another option is to use the ‘Colleagues’ tab, which allows you to find people who have worked at the same companies you have worked at.Finally, you also have the option of using the ‘People You May Know’ tab. This option gives you a list of users LinkedIn thinks you may know based on your current suggestions. If you find people you actually know, you can then go ahead and add them to your network.BONUS TIPS TO MAKE YOUR PROFILE ALL-STAR PLUSBy filling in these eight key components, you will be able to score the All-Star status and get ahead of nearly half of the competition, since only 51% of LinkedIn users have a complete profile. However, you still have another half of the 562 million LinkedIn users to compete with.If you want to separate yourself from the other All-Star LinkedIn users, you need to make your profile an All-Star Plus.This means going beyond the basics of having a complete profile and tweaking a few other elements to further increase your chances of being found and contacted by recruiters, employers and clients. Below are some tips to help you turn your profile into an All-Star Plus profile.Customize Your URLYour LinkedIn profile URL provides you with an easy way to share your LinkedIn profile. You simply need to copy it and paste it in an email, a tweet, a Facebook post, a text message, or even on your website. Anyone who clicks on the link will be directed to your LinkedIn profile.Unfortunately, there is one problem. The default LinkedIn profile URL is nowhere near pretty. It looks something like this:http://www.linkedin.com/in/name-surname-99ru49Un9430nbKWould you be confident sharing your LinkedIn profile URL when is has jumbled string of letters and numbers at the end? What many do not know is that LinkedIn allows you to customize your LinkedIn profile to something more presentable, such as:http://www.linkedin.com/in/name-surnameCustomizing your LinkedIn profile URL has a number of benefits. First, it increases your chances of ranking higher in search results, both on LinkedIn and on Google. Second, it is more memorable and makes it easier for you to direct people to your LinkedIn profile. Finally, a customized LinkedIn URL also looks sharp on your resume and in your email signatures.Customizing your LinkedIn profile URL is quite easy. Simply click on your avatar on your LinkedIn homepage and click on ‘View Profile’. Once your profile page opens, find and click on the ‘Edit public profile and URL†™ button, which is usually on the right side of the page.Clicking on the button will allow you to edit your profile URL as you please, provided that the URL you choose is available and does not contain special characters.Ask For RecommendationsAsking for recommendations is another great way of boosting your LinkedIn profile. Recommendations are essentially statements from other LinkedIn users describing your skills, expertise, strengths, personal qualities, or their experience working with you.Recommendations are like testimonials showing what other people enjoy most about working with you. Asking for recommendations boost your profile in two ways.First, recommendations contribute to higher rankings in LinkedIn’s people search results.Second, recommendations act as social proof, giving recruiters, employers and clients the confidence that they won’t regret hiring or working with you. If other people have had a pleasant experience working with you and give you glowing reviews on LinkedIn, this gives you credibility and shows that you are actually a great person who is good at what you do. You can learn how to score amazing LinkedIn recommendations here.Add Additional Profile FeaturesYou can also increase your views and show your value by filling in additional profile features such as your volunteering experience, projects you have worked on, your published work, courses, certifications, patents, honors and awards, and languages. For instance, LinkedIn says that listing your volunteer experience can increase the number of views by up to six times compared to leaving it off your profile.In addition to increasing the number of views on your profile, filling these additional profile features presents an all-round picture of yourself and changes the way recruiters and employers evaluate you â€" for better.The charities and causes you have volunteered for show the kind of person you are and the things you care about. In addition, almost half of hiring managers co nsider volunteer experience to be equivalent to traditional, full-time work experience.Commit To Posting At Least Once A WeekAnother effective way to increase views on your profile, stand out from the crowd and increase the chances of being contacted is to regularly post on LinkedIn. LinkedIn says that users who post at least once a week increase their chances of being contacted by recruiters by up to 10 times.Posting regularly also increases your reach to people outside your network. Every time a person you are connected to interacts with your post, the post becomes visible to people within their network. This can significantly increase your reach.Posting regularly also enhances your relationships with your network, which is the essence of being on LinkedIn. By posting great content on your profile, you are providing value to your connections, which is a great way of building relationships.Finally, by posting valuable content regularly, you position yourself as an expert within you r field. This increases your likelihood of being contacted, being hired and being paid more.WRAPPING UPYou can increase your chances of being contacted on LinkedIn by up to 40 times simply by scoring the All-Star status. Attaining All-Star status is also quite easy. You just need to ensure that you have filled in the 8 key components discussed above.However, if you really want to stand out from the competition, you need to do more than fill your profile completely. You also need to ensure that each of these sections is filled in the right way, with relevant information. The bonus tips given within the article will further improve your chances of getting contacted and getting hired.The key thing here is that you should focus not only on the completeness of your profile, but also on the quality of all the information you share on your profile.

Reflection Essay Rent s Due Art Boy - 915 Words

Reflection journal Essay Sculpture, the thing I never knew I was good at. Two semesters ago I met a very strong woman, and she opened up a part of me that I had mostly given up on. The part of me I had given up on over a decade ago was my artistic side. I simply felt that it was a waste of time to spend hours perfecting something that would most likely never make me money. Also, I would look at the multitude of staving artists online, and consider how much better they were than myself, and how even the most talented artist starves from time to time. Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"rent’s due art boy†. Well I got tired of hearing it, and went to drafting school. It wasn’t until this last semester, in my 19th century art history course, that I learned that most of my favorite artists started out as draftsmen, but we will talk about that later. Until recently, I had forgotten that i actually enjoyed the peacefulness of the artistic process. I had forgotten that during this proc ess I tended to become very focussed and all of my life’s daily problems seemed to fade away. I met my art teacher Alicja Mannix in my sculpture class, and wasn’t sure how well I would do. She was from Poland, and still had her European accent intact. Her accent reminded me of my Grandmother Tesse, on my step mother’s side. She was also from poland. Anyways, the closest thing I had done to sculpture in my life was a few pottery items at my local Boys Club in Portland, Oregon. I had made aShow MoreRelatedGlee Essay9324 Words   |  38 PagesRachel Cohen Is Rachel’s assessment of the musical performances on Glee correct? Discuss the interplay of melodrama, irony and intertextuality in Glee. Your essay should contain detailed analysis of at least two scenes from Glee’s 1st season. Your essay should also make reference to your core course readings on television and postmodernism. Due 14 September their true voice; and this one was, to me, ultimately about the series demonstrating its own voice and its space within the world of contemporaryRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pagestuberculosis at Cowan Bridge. Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. Charlotte Bronte lost her mother when she was five years old, and was raised by her aunt. Jane rejected two offers of marriage, but took one later; Charlotte rejected four offers of marriage, but accepted one later as well. Bronte based Jane s physical features off her. They are bothRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagesstylistic features. The eighth chapter introduces the role of parentheses insertion as additional information. Very important advertising text in sociolinguistic coverage and phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices in the ninth chapter (Galperin`s stylistic devices, the definitions of stylistic devices with examples). In the chapter of tenth we consider classification of language styles (Belles-Letters Style, Pablicist Style, Newspaper Style, Scientific Prose Style). And finally in the chapterRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesprobable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus Day, October 12. Here is some relevant background information to reduce yourRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand techniques 6.1 Define activities 9.1.2. Responsibility matrixes 10.1 Communication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Chapter 12 Outsourcing 12.1.1 Procurement requirements [G.8] 12.1.2.3 Contract types 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 Change requests Chapter 13 Monitoring Progress Chapter 5 Estimating Times and Costs 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesand Welmers and Welmers attempts to deal with an unqualified Igbo. Of the other works, it is clear that a great deal of Onitsha material, in particular, has been collected at one time or another; that so little of it has reached print is probably due to the concentration first upon Union and later upon Central Igbo. v Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II 2. The development of the present work The immediate source of this dictionary is a long vocabulary compiled by G.W. Pearman

Racism Is Defined As Discrimination Against Someone Of A...

Racism is defined as discrimination against someone of a different race based on the beliefs that one’s own race is superior (Oxford Dictionary). Racism has existed since the beginning of time, coming to light during slavery in the sixteenth century and the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s. However, racism is still prevalent in today’s society and is a topic that needs to be further addressed and discussed. According to the article, â€Å"Slavery in America† on the website History, slavery began in 1619 when the first African slaves were brought to the colony of Jamestown in Virginia. Slavery then soon spread all over the United States, especially to the Southern states. In a period of four centuries, ten million slaves were taken from their villages and brought to the New World. Most slaves lived in small farms or plantations and worked in horrible conditions. They were prohibited from learning how to read, were starved, brutally punished, and ma ny were victims of sexual assault and early death. The white person’s approach to slavery led to the racist attitude that African Americans are inferior based on the color of their skin. Instead of being treated like human beings, slaves were considered possessions that could be traded and worked to death. In chapter six, â€Å"God Who Breaks Chains,† in the book Quest for the Living God, the author, Elizabeth Johnson addresses how slaves used Christianity as a way to struggle for freedom. Slave master’s taught Christianity as aShow MoreRelatedDefinition Essay On Racism1005 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout society, the definition of racism varies drastically. Some people would define it as its definition, one race against another, then there are the other uninformed members of society who would define it as blacks against whites, but in all reality it’s any race against another. Though racism is usually defined as antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that ones own race is superior, this definition would mean one race hating another, a more accurateRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesConstruction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender andRead MoreRacism Is An Epidemic That Has Occurred Throughout History1206 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is an epidemic that has occurred throughout history. Racism is when patterns of discrimination towards a certain race are established and perceived as normal throughout an entire culture. It is not one person from a certain race discriminating another person from another race, but rather an entire population operating in a social structure that makes it difficult for a person not to discriminate. People of color have been oppressed because of their race/ethnicity by those who have held theRead MoreHas Dr. Martin Luther Kings Dream Become Reality?870 Words   |  4 Pagesschools with white students, they can all eat in the same restaurants together, and some even marry one another. Discrimination is kept out of school and communities so the children of today are able to have better lives. Outwardly, MLKs dream was that everyone could be treated equally. On the other hand, in our society there are countless numbers of different ongoing situations, in which racism is a still a reality. In Martin Luther King, Jr.s speech, I Have A Dream he states, Now is the time toRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparison is to determine most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MoreSocial Forces Of The Holocaust1534 Words   |  7 Pageswhich Jews experienced discrimination. Out of nine million Jews that were living in Germany, over half of them were killed in the Holocaust. All the Jews that were killed were killed because of prejudice and discrimination against them. An event as traumatic and massive as the Holocaust has no choice but to affect the country of Germany. Reiner and his mother’s views are extremely different. Reiner and his mother disagree about the fact that Germany should rid itself of racism. Reiner believes thatRead MoreRacism : Racism And Prejudice Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageslearned about many things, one in particular would be Racism. We have learned about many different types of racism along with examples of racism. Before I go into specific examples of racism that I have learn about in this class, I will first define and explain the differences between racism, prejudice or also known as bias, discrimination, race, and racist so there s a clear understanding of why I picked the specific examples. The definition of racism that we learned in class would be an â€Å"InstitutionalizedRead MoreRacism : A Social Problem1677 Words   |  7 PagesRacism: A Social Problem Explanations that justify the use of racism directly relates to differential treatment of minority groups and contributes to racism’s existence as an unstoppable social problem. The foundations of these explanations are based on the common misunderstanding of the definition of race. Thus, problems that tend to concentrate in one race are mistakenly judged as â€Å"race problems†. This judgement leads to the establishment of a system of inequality between a superior race and inferiorRead MoreThe Hardships of Following Your Dreams and Immigration1404 Words   |  6 PagesA New White Race As an immigrant and divorce mother of two who comes to a foreign country pursuing a better future for my kids, I ignored the complexity of the factors that are required to fulfill my dreams. Moving from a socialistic culture to an individualistic one, being the last one, the culture that my kids are more likely to adopt I realized the importance to build a solid family, and I started looking for possible factors that might give me a clear view on how to achieve my quest. The firstRead MoreRacisim in the World We Live In753 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is racism in the world that we live in? Racism as we know it dates back to ancient times. In the society that we live in today racism is defined as a person that believes a certain human race is superior to any or all others. When someone treats another race with inferiority it causes people to be unequal. Whether it is the difference in skin color or culture racism has affected the world in thousands of ways and for thousands of years. Our ancestors have gone through the question of what makes

The Number One System You Should Be Using for Essay Topics about Animals

The Number One System You Should Be Using for Essay Topics about Animals What Everybody Dislikes About Essay Topics about Animals and Why The point is you want to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, which means you'll certainly want to select a topic that you're passionate about and something which you'll become excited about researching and writing. We as a reader understand what's happening because Orwell utilizes the most direct and easy metaphors. He should take the author's side by the end of the reading. Persuade your reader either manner! Consumer actions and travel behaviour does really make a difference in addressing the matter. The only difference will be created by your degree of analyzing and comprehension of this issue and how you present your thoughts in counted words. You want to select something which is controversial as you can't really argue to refute facts. In the hope it's the latter, I assemble a summary of a number of the essential arguments for viewing different animals as legitimate subjects of social justice. Ruthless Essay Topics about Animals Strategies Exploited List the way the animals can be utilized in the entertainment market. A little child starts to take an immense interest in horror films. Since no other animal is large enough to undertake a fox, it sits at the peak of the food web. The issue is, as a result of our fast-fashion-industry, fur applications aren't expensive anymore. The Argument About Essay Topics about Animals Every horrific facet of the farming of different animals is accepted in our society. There's no moral difference between the individual who fights dogs or hunts foxes and the particular person who purchases chicken at the neighborhood supermarket and roasts it. Animals, like us, interact with assorted prey, therefore a food chain alone might be insufficient to represent the intricacy of our ecosystems! Other animals are left from the discussion. Top Essay Topics ab out Animals Choices Your dog doesn't need to force you to get mad. It's the kind of overview I wish I'd come across before I went vegan. It's frequently utilized in training. however, it shouldn't be. Probably, but nonetheless, it only ever comes up when someone is or would like to earn a living off of content creation and that's a completely different thing. Just to be on a secure side I Google Manchester explosion and just one article was online concerning the incident. If your reply is yes, you're not the only person who feels that manner! Many students think that it is a waste of time. The Dirty Facts on Essay Topics about Animals Folks that are legitimately attempting to enter the country to find work and enhance their lives make the bulk of foreigners moving abroad for good, but in addition, there are a tiny minority of men and women who attempt to benefit from things like the welfare state of Britain or the other developed nations, for example, or who have even mor e sinister intentions. Now there are lot of illegal immigrants in the majority of the nations, even rich countries such as USA. All research has to be carried out in accord with strict Home Office regulations. There are many things which can be discussed in regards to education. The Tried and True Method for Essay Topics about Animals in Step by Step Detail Maybe evolution is similar to a technology tree. Saying that non-Francionist organisations are liable for the gain in the use of meat is unbelievable. It aids in promoting biodiversity for a healthful and functional ecosystem. Once an animal misbehaves, your reply to the circumstance is so crucial. What You Need to Do About Essay Topics about Animals Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you can want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. As a way to write an excellent academic essay on animals, you must comprehend the subject real ly well. From my experience, it's fine to start your essay with a question. Once you comprehend the prompt, it's possible to now brainstorm and draft your college application essay. Essay Topics about Animals Secrets That No One Else Knows About There are many ways in which you are able to present your essay. When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. The first thing which you are going to want to do once you've chosen your topic is to begin by writing an outline. The multiple topics could possibly be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Most Noticeable Essay Topics about Animals An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Tattoo is a kind of art made by the qualified artists. Write about how tattoos are made. What You Need to Do About Essay Topics about Animals Before You Miss Your Chance Then use that information to make a paper that states at least three distinct explanations for why you belie ve your side of the matter. The comparison and contrast tests basically comply with the identical structure with any normal test. On the opposite side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. The systemic character implies an oppressed group need not own a correlate oppressing group. In this manner, you can compare and contrast the topics efficiently because you've got extensive info about the topic and at the exact time that it makes it increasingly interesting to read because it's something that the majority of us feel natural curiosity. The strengths of this page is the fact that it cites all its sources and uses a whole lot of resources to amplify all of the info used. The webpage is on the britannica platform, which is a site that has published webpages on several different topics. Do a little research online and find something which you love.

Ethics Or Moral Philosophy Essay Example For Students

Ethics Or Moral Philosophy Essay The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean. Metaethical answers to questions are focused on the issues of universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason in ethical judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves. Normative ethics involves a more practical task, which is to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. Ideally, moral questions could be immediately answered by consulting the moral guidelines provided by normative theories. Finally, applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. By using the conceptual tools of metaethics and normative ethics, discussions in applied ethics try to resolve these controversial issues. A duty is a moral obligation that an agent has towards another person, such as the duty not to lie. Etymologically, duties are actions that are due to someone else, such as paying money that one owes to a creditor. In a broader sense, duties are simply actions that are morally mandatory. Medieval philosophers such as Aquinas argued that we have specific duties or obligations to avoid committing specific sins. Since sins such as theft are absolute, then our duty to avoid stealing is also absolute, irrespective of any good consequences that might arise from particular acts of theft. It is same for the leaders who represents others of either a big group or a small one. For example, if you are a member of student government, you should truly represent your members. I am not trying to make fun of the former American president Bill Clinton, but his behavior violated the ethics of representation. The news of him and Ms. Lewinsky really made him a laughing stock, but the worst part of that i s that other country starts to think that Americans dont select their president correctly. This is what most newspapers in Asia was printing out. They say that President Clinton is a disgraced to the United States. To make matters worse, he lied and said he didnt have any sexual contact with Lewinsky. Now, everyone know he is a lier. If you are not in politics but you are involved in business, then you will have to work on your representation skills. You should know what you should Ethics and Morals

Nursing Code of Ethics

Introduction Nursing practice is guided by a set of code of ethics which constitutes an essential part of the profession. For a long time now, nursing practice has integrated the concern for the welfare of patients and the vulnerable population as well as for social justice. From a functional perspective, nurses work towards the normalization of those elements that detract from health. Not only are the nursing career prospects obliged to abide by the moral and ethical standard of nursing profession, but also to embrace them as a critical aspect of the health care profession.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nursing Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goals of the nursing code of ethics To serves as concise reminder of the ethical duties and commitment of all the persons who choose the nursing career. To outline the nursing profession’s invariable ethical standards. To highlight the professiona l’s own awareness of its obligation to the community. Ethical principles In the code of ethics, the term practice has been used to signify the various functions of the nurse in whatever position he or she assumes, such as immediate patient care provider, policy developer, researcher, administrator, educator among other. Therefore, the principles and commitment outlined in this code of ethics fits all the nursing positions and context (Lubkin Larsen, 2006). The nurses in all the aforementioned positions and context, performs with respect and compassion for the innate distinctness, worth, and dignity of each person, without any regard for his or her social or financial status, personal characteristics, or the nature of the health issue. Thus the ethical obligations of nursing practice can be summarized under the following principles (Lubkin Larsen, 2006): Respect for human dignity: – represents a fundamental principle that drives the general nursing practice. This pe rtains to regard for human rights, self-esteem, and value of all people, including the client, colleagues, physician, and the general public. Nurses have been taught to take into consideration the demands and morals of every person in all professional liaisons (Lubkin Larsen, 2006). Interaction with patients: – the nurse must develop a relationship in their provision of nursing services, taking into account respect for human requirements and standards, with no bias. Nurses, while planning a patient’s health care, must take into account an individual’s lifestyle, religious orientation, and value system. This consideration reflects the respects for the patient personality, as opposed to condoning or agreement with specific individual preferences. The characteristics of health condition: – the nurse expresses respect for privileges, dignity, and worth of each human being regardless of the characteristics of the health condition. This principle upholds that the approach fo any patient’s provision should not be influenced by the nature of the disease or injury, propensity for death, or functional potential. This perception extends to those who need the services of the nurse for improving health, prognosis, normalization of health, relief of suffering, as well as provision of compassionate care to the terminally ill individuals. The right to freewill: – regard for human dignity concerns the identification of certain patient’s privileges, especially, the right of freewill. Freewill or autonomy forms the philosophical basis with regard of informed consent in all medical care contexts. Patients are morally and lawfully entitled to involvement in the determination of the process that will be followed including; (a) right to accurate, comprehensive, and understandable instructions in a way that allows an informed decision; (b) to be helped with evaluating the benefits, challenges, and alternatives in their management, as well as the option of no treatment; (c) to allow, refuse, or cease treatment devoid of falsehood, undue persuasion or penalty; and (d) to be afforded considerable support in the entire decision-making and management procedure. The patient should be allowed to consult with family and other crucial persons in regard of decision making under the support and guidance of competent nurses and other health specialists. Noteworthy, patient should be allowed to participate in determining their health care extent possible and willing to participate. Association with peers and others: – respect for persons applies to every individual with the work context of the nurse. The nurse upholds a compassionate and caring attitude when interacting with peer and others with dedication to unbiased treatment of patient, to conflict resolution, and to integrity-preserving conciliation. This concept should be observed in all the possible nursing positions, such as direct care provider, consultant, ed ucator, researcher, and administrator. This standards of conduct disqualify any biased action, any harassment or intimidating behavior, or disregard for the repercussion of own conduct on other people. The nurse acknowledges the unique role of different person or teams, and collaborates to achieve the common objective of availing quality health care services. Grievances All nurses are responsible for creating, sustaining, and contributing to a practice environment that upholds nurses in observing their ethical obligations. A practice background typically involves physical attributes, including the working condition, and inscribed policies and protocols outlining the prospects for nurses, and less tangible attributes like informal peer standards. Organizational framework, function description, safety and health strategies, grievance procedure, penalty procedures, compensation system, and ethics committee, collectively contribute to the working context that impedes or enhance profess ional accomplishment and ethical practice. Settings within which staff are afforded unbiased hearing of grievances, are facilitated based on the level of care, and are fairly handled to allow the accomplishment of the principles of the nursing profession that are in alignment with a proper nursing practice (Oermann Henrich, 2005). Conclusion The ethical code focuses largely on health care practice, although level of practice is dependent on availability of resources. Because of this relation, an ethical code concurrent to the nursing code of ethic should be designed, so that nurses are in a position meet their ethical obligations.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. New York: The American Nurses Association Inc. Lubkin, I. M., Larsen, P. D. (2006). Chronic illness: impact and interventions. London: Sage. Oermann, M. H., Heinrich, K. T. (2005). Annual review of nursing education: strategies for teaching. Stamford, Mass: Cengage Learning. This report on Nursing Code of Ethics was written and submitted by user Doomsday Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abortion Pro and Cons essays

Abortion Pro and Cons essays One of the most important issues in the world is the controversy surrounding abortion. Do you think abortion is right? Many people have been asking themselves this same question for years now. Abortion has been a heated argument amongst citizens, political activists, and religions all across the world. Those who are against abortion (pro-life), argue that abortion is wrong because it kills human life. On the other hand we have people who favor abortion (pro-choice). They believe women are able to do as they wish with their bodies. About forty percent of Americans believe that abortion should be legal. Forty percent believe abortion should be banned except when the pregnancy threatens the life of the mother or is the result of a rape (Cozic, Petriken 97). Although abortion is considered to be a women right, it should be illegal because it is murder, has many side effects, and there are other alternatives. The main argument of pro-life is that abortion is wrong because you are kill ing a human being. As soon as that egg is fertilized a human child begins to develop. If a woman chooses to have sex, she is choosing to accept responsibility for the consequences that come in the future. A woman does have the right to her own body. What we do not see is that the child also has the right to his or her own body. If we think of the situation everybody has social, economic and personal problems, but we do not go around killing people because they are standing in our way. Then why should we kill a defenseless child inside us? Being a woman myself I believe I would not be able to live with the guilt knowing I killed a human being, which had the right to live and grow up the same way I did. 1 Many people ask themselves the same question, is a fetus really a human life? Of course it is a human life. We all begin as fetuses and ended up being born. We all have to thank god for being b...

Miami School District Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Miami School District - Research Paper Example The new plan would enforce many students to change in their schools that may lead to an increase in the travelling time. Thus the parents are also annoyed for various facts such as the fear that the quality of education may fall down and there will be an increase in the total time of travelling. Apart from this the parents were also bothered about the effect on the value of property, and the social distress on the children that can occur due to relocation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The students who belong to the higher income group will have the provision to move into the private schools, but the students belonging to the lower income families will be adversely affected. Also the local residents may decide to migrate to other places if the quality of education is sub standard.   In addition this course of action may increase the property value. The parents also fear that their children may get indulged into some anti-social activities if they are not imparted proper education.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   StakeholdersStakeholders are the group of person who hold a certain share in the business. A stakeholder can be an employee, a customer or anybody related to the organization. Hence a stakeholder has the responsibility towards the success of the organization. In the context of the school stakeholders are the persons who hold a stake in the school. However the stakes could be direct or indirect. The people who will be highly affected by such decision are the students and their parents, teachers, officials of the school, school district, and other staffs of the school. Students from lower income families may get adversely affected. Due to this scenario the parents are now required to modify their work schedules as well as personal tasks. Parents are also required to assess whether the schools where there wards will be taking admission provides adequate education or not. Also they are supposed to assess the quality of education in these schools. However parents may ch oose to send their children in private school where the parents are required to pay high tuition fees. Hence students belonging to lower income group may face trouble in taking further education. The students may also find it difficult to adapt to the new situations, new teachers and new class mates which may eventually give rise to social problems. Students may also face problems in order to get fit into the new society. The school district plans to save money in the district by sending the students to various schools. Also problems may arise if the students belonging to lower income group are moved to lower quality schools. The staffs and teachers may also be transferred to other places for cost cutting purposes.

Theatricalism Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theatricalism - Term Paper Example In theatricalism, though, images are more vivid; in terms of visual component, for instance, they are more colorful. Second, theatricalism is a style of playwriting in which the literary work consists of an intense language. That is to say, the language used in the plays that are produced in theatricalism is dramatically pompous. In Kushner’s Angels in America -- this play is an example of theatricalism -- its lines are utterly grandiose, if not bombastic. The main protagonist named Prior, in fact, speaks a heightened language: â€Å"Each angel is an infinite aggregate myriad entity, they’re basically incredibly powerful bureaucrats ...† (26). Obviously, the adjectives here are utterly too much. Finally, Arnold categorizes the notion of theatricalism as different from the praxis of realism. Perhaps the vivid imagery and heightened language prominent in theatricalism make such style of playwriting as unreal. Realism, in the general sense, is a style of writing in which it attempts to create or probably recreate the appearance of life as it is experienced by man. Further, realism tackles the kind of life that is common in the day-to-day basis. Kushner’s play seems to be an attempt to recreate the gay life as actually experienced by gays prominent in the late-20th-century America.

Facebook: Motives for Use and Effects on Personality

Facebook: Motives for Use and Effects on Personality The current study investigated the motives for using Facebook from the uses and gratifications perspectives and personality as predictors of Facebook addiction among the Mauritian university students. It also explored the relationship of motives and personality with attitudinal/ behavioral outcomes of the participants’ Facebook use. It was found that certain prevalent motives and extraversion trait were strongly associated with the Facebook variables studied and significantly predicted addiction to the site as expected. Relationship between Facebook and motives The study found 8 motives for Mauritian youths for using Facebook, the most popular social networking site. These motives include passing time, education, political, social interaction, entertainment, network surveillance, information seeking and relationship maintenance. Preceding studies found similar motives for using the site. For instance Dhaha et al (2014) found that entertainment, social interaction, political and education motivated Somali youths to use Facebook. Hart (2011) found that four motives for using the site among undergraduates, namely information seeking, passing time, relationship maintenance and entertainment significantly predicted amount of Facebook use, frequency of Facebook use and number of Facebook friends. Zhang et al (2011) found that network surveillance significantly predicted time spent on Facebook per day and number of Facebook friends. In this study a bivariate correlation has revealed that there was a moderate and significant positive relationship o f amount of time spent per day, number of friends and login frequency with all the motives except education and political which showed no relationship with these Facebook usage variables. The study enquired the intensity of Facebook addiction among Mauritian youths. The Facebook addiction instrument was divided into 4 dimensions namely salience, loss of control, mood modification and conflict. The results confirmed addictive tendencies among 27.2% of the sample as they rated high on overall Facebook addiction scale. It was found that the site was incorporated in their daily lives (salience), many spend more than 3 hours per day on it (38.2%), they often lose sleep due to late night logins, have a constant urge to check Facebook (loss of control), neglect responsibilities such as academic performance (conflict) and often use Facebook to reduce feelings of anxiety (mood modification). These findings corroborate with previous studies. For instance Zaremohzzabieh et al (2014) and Balakrishinan Shamim (2013) found similar outcomes of addictive behaviors towards the use of Facebook, namely salience, loss of control, mood modification, withdrawal and conflict. In terms of the relationship between Facebook motives and Facebook addiction, the study shown a significant positive correlation between Facebook addiction and the 8 motives components studied. Facebook addiction was more closely related to passing time motive followed by entertainment, social interaction and relationship maintenance. These findings are consistent with previous studies of Facebook addiction from uses gratifications perspectives. For instance Dhaha et al. (2014) and Kavitha (2013) found that entertainment, communication, passing time, social interaction and companionship were correlated with Facebook addiction. The study also investigated specific motives as predictors of Facebook addiction to test the hypotheses. The analysis of the multiple regression revealed that the four motives namely passing time, entertainment, social interaction and relationship maintenance significantly predicted Facebook addiction. Passing time motive emerged as the best predictor of Facebook addiction, followed by entertainment and relationship maintenance. These findings are supported by previous studies. For instance (Kavitha, 2013) also identified passing time as the best predictor of Facebook addiction. In the same line a systematic review that examined Facebook addiction and motives has revealed that for 14 out of 16 studies, the components explaining the majority of the variance relate to either passing time or relationship maintenance (Ryan et al, 2014). With regard to the prevalent gratification of passing time, findings seem to reflect the usual use of Facebook to occupy time when bored, to procrastinat e from other activities or task avoidance (Foregger, 2008; Sheldon, 2008). The researchers also found that entertainment (e.g. playing games) was a popular motive for engaging in Facebook appearing across 15 studies (Ryan et al, 2014). It is associated with pleasure seeking. Dhaha et al (2014) and Sofiah et al (2011) also found that entertainment, social interaction (e.g. making new friends) and communication significantly predicted Facebook addiction. These findings are consistent with those of Ryan et al, (2014) which reported that motives can be related to Facebook addiction through use that is habitual, excessive or a desire for mood modification. The findings reflect both the benefits and downside of Facebook use. The uses and gratifications of Facebook use operate to satisfy the social and psychological needs of a large number of internet users but at the same contributing to addiction to the site (Ryan et al, 2014). As the findings indicate, excessive use result in negative life outcomes such as neglecting significant activities e.g. school and significant relationships. For instance this paradox can be illustrated in terms of the Stimulation Hypothesis and Displacement Hypothesis since findings of this study have revealed that social interaction is related to Facebook addiction. The former supports the positive effects of social interaction via Facebook. It argues that online interaction complements existing social interact ion and can extend new cyber relationships to offline interaction thereby improving social relationships and relieved from loneliness (Valkenburg, 2007). But paradoxically the displacement hypothesis suggests that the time and psychic energy spent on Facebook with weak ties or virtual characters replaces real world interaction and is harming significant relationships (Valkenburg, 2007). Similarly (Sheldon et al, 2011) found that spending a lot of time on Facebook correlated with both high levels of feeling connected to other people and with high levels of disconnection. Moreover Facebook addiction is found to be with associated depression, anxiety disorders, aggressive tendencies and decreased productivity (Rosen et al, 2014) Relationship between Facebook and personality This study analyzed the attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of the respondents’ Facebook use from a personality trait approach involving extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and narcissism. The study also posits that certain of these personality traits predict Facebook addiction. Results indicate that extraversion significantly and positively correlated with amount of time spent on Facebook per day, login frequency, number of friends and Facebook addiction. Regression analysis has revealed that extraversion significantly predicts Facebook addiction. These findings are in line with other studies. For instance Amichai-Hamburger et al (2010) and Kosinski et al 2013 found that Extroversion was positively related with amount of time spend on Facebook and number of friends. Wilson et al (2010) reported that extraversion was related to higher levels of Facebook use and predicts addictive tendencies to the site. The researchersâ⠂¬â„¢ findings suggest that extroverts are over reliant on SNSs as they require a higher level of stimulation and a large social network. In the same line the current study found that there was a positive significant correlation between extraversion and social interaction motive consistent with the rich-get-richer approach which claims that extraverts gain more benefits through SNSs as they can enlarge their social relationships (Kuss Griffiths, 2011). This is to contrast with Moore McElroy, (2012) who found that those who score low on extraversion i.e. introverts positively correlated with Facebook use to stay in touch with friends. With respect to narcissism this study found that narcissism significantly and positively correlated with amount of time spent on Facebook per day, login frequency, number of friends and Facebook addiction. Carpenter et al (2012) and Rosen (2014) also found that users who score high on narcissism spend a lot of time on Facebook; they depict addictive symptoms to the site and have many Facebook friends. Moreover the current study revealed there was a high and positive significant correlation of narcissism with the frequency of posting updates and changing profile pictures. Similarly Alloway et al (2014) found that frequency of posting status updates was related to narcissism. Individuals scoring high on narcissism are more active on social network sites as these sites represent an opportunity to present themselves in a self-promoting way which is in line with their ideal self by frequently posting glorifying pictures and updates about them (C. S. Andreassen, et al, 2012). On the other hand this study revealed that conscientiousness was negatively related to amount of time spent on Facebook and login frequency and low scores on conscientiousness predicted Facebook addiction. These findings are consistent with Wilson et al (2010) which showed low scores on conscientiousness was related to higher levels of SNSs use and significantly predicted addictive tendencies to SNSs. It was hypothesized that unconscientious young adults exhibit addictive tendencies towards the use of SNSs as they lack self-discipline and tend to use these sites as way of procrastinating (Wilson et al 2010). However these findings differ from that of Marcus et al (2006) who found that conscientiousness was positively related to self-monitoring and presentation, suggesting that those who rated high on conscientiousness engage on social-networking sites to gain social appreciation. Alternatively this study found there was no relationship of openness to experience with amount time spends per day, number of friends and login frequency. Openness to experience did not predict Facebook addiction. These findings are supported by Wilson et al (2010) which also revealed that openness trait has no impact on SNSs use. The researchers believe that this is due to the fact that Facebook is no longer being a new creation and thus has lost some of its appeal for those with openness characteristic who are keen to experience newer activities (Wilson et al, 2010). However this study’s finding do not link with those of Ross et al (2009) which showed that higher levels of openness to experience was associated with greater online sociability. Conversely this study found that there was no relationship between openness to experience and social interaction motive for using Facebook. This study revealed that there was no relationship of agreeableness personality trait with amount of time spends per day on Facebook, how often participants login to Facebook, number of Facebook friends and Facebook addiction. These results correspond with those of Wilson et al (2010) which showed that the agreeableness trait has no influence on SNS use. This is also in line with Duff (2012) which found that there was no significant relationship between agreeableness and frequency of Facebook use. Neuroticism was negatively related to amount of time spend on Facebook per day, login frequency and Facebook addiction. These results indicate that participants scoring low on neuroticism spend more time on Facebook and depict addictive tendencies to the site. Conversely high scores on neuroticism is associated with less time spend on Facebook. These findings are in contrast with those of Wilson et al (2010) who found that neuroticism was not associated with addictive tendencies to SNS. Likewise Duff (20..) found that neuroticism was not related to frequency of Facebook use. The current findings do not link also with other studies which reported that high scores on neuroticism was positively associated with social media use where it was assumed that neurotics use social media as a way of seeking support. Moreover another plausible reason reported for this positive relationship was that online social networks give those who are high on neuroticism more time for scrutiny before acting unlike face-to-face interactions (C. S. Andreassen, et al, 2012). However this study’s findings are indirectly supported by those of Marcus et al (2006), which indicated a significant negative correlation between neuroticism and self-monitoring (Duff..). Marcus et al (2006) argued that these results indicated that those higher in neuroticism show a lack of ability in changing their behavior to gain social approval from others. Thus this may indirectly explain why neurotics spend less time on Facebook. In the same line the current study has revealed that neuroticism is negatively related to social interaction implying that those who are high on neuroticism are less likely to engage in social interactions. Relationship between self-esteem and Facebook This study reported a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and amount of time spent on Facebook per day. This indicates that those who score low on self-esteem spend more time on Facebook. These findings are supported by previous studies. For instance Kalpidou et al 2011 found there was a negative correlation between self-esteem and time spent on Facebook. In the same line Mehdizadeh’s (2010) findings revealed that lower levels of self-esteem correlated with greater amount of time spent on Facebook. The current study also revealed that self-esteem was negatively related to number of friends suggesting that low self-esteem participants have more friends. These findings are consistent with Zywica Danowski’s (2008) findings which reported that low self-esteem users have many Facebook friends as they strived more to increase their Facebook popularity to compensate for inadequate offline popularity, consistent with the social compensation hypothesis. Moreover having many Facebook friends implies performing for a bigger audience which is associated with enhancing in self-esteem. Another plausible explanation for these results interlink with Ellison et al, 2007 study which stated that low self-esteem users reap more benefits from Facebook than their high self-esteem counterparts as Facebook affordances mitigate fear of rejection and enable them to enlarge their social capital in a way more rewarding for them than face to face interaction. Since low self-esteem involves poor self-perception, social anxiety and shyness, features such as wall posting, messaging, poking, tagging and display of users’ personal information encouraged low self-esteem users to improve social relationships. (Steinfield et al, 2008). Hence as Facebook is related to bounding and bridging of social capital it can be deduced that those with low self-esteem spend more time on Facebook to boost their self-esteem (Steinfield et al, 2008). Furthermore, viewing one’s own Facebook profile, editing Facebook profile and receiving positive feedback from others were found to enhance self-esteem (Gonzales Hancock 2011; Valkenburg et al, 2006). Gonzales Hancock 2011 stated that Facebook is related to self-presentation. Thus it can be said that those with low self-esteem spend more time on Facebook than those with high self-esteem in order to optimize their self-presentation such as posting information about themselves so as to gain more popularity and altogether boost their social self-esteem. The present findings indicate that low self-esteem users may be over reliant on Facebook to reap these benefits. Indeed this study has revealed a significant correlation between self-esteem and Facebook addiction. Correspondingly Denti et al (2012) also found that low self-esteem was associated with Facebook addiction. The researcher found that Women Facebook addicts with low self-esteem use Facebook more to report negative information about their lives (Denti et al 2012). However the results do not link with those of Wilson et al (2010) which indicated that there was no relationship between self-esteem and social networking sites. Correlation Between Crime and Poverty: Sociological Critique Correlation Between Crime and Poverty: Sociological Critique Introduction Jock Young once said: â€Å"At heart, the extent of crime is a political as well [1]as a behavioural matter †¦ The figures for crime †¦ are not hard facts in the sense that this is true of the height and weight of physical bodies. They are moral not physical statistics†. It is apparent from this statement that there are inherent flaws in all types of theories of crime causation whether these derive form the sociological, psychological or biological traditions. Nevertheless, crime causation theories form a significant part of modern criminology and have been used extensively to form policy and legislation. Bearing in mind the limitation of these theories, this essay will try to address the question why sociological theories of criminality suggest that social deprivation and poverty are two of the most significant factors that lead to criminality when two of the most poverty stricken groups, women and the elderly, have low rates of crime. Crime and poverty: A sociological approach There are many schools of thought that deal with crime causation. Sociological theories of crime focus on the social dimension of criminality, trying to analyse the sociological reasons that push individuals to commit crime e.g. poverty, shaming, social deprivation, fear etc. Sociology, in general is â€Å"the study of social organisation and institutions and of collective behaviour and interaction, including the individual’s relationship to the group†[2]. As early as 1893, criminologists such as Durkheim asserted that social deprivation and the division of labour in society puts disadvantaged groups in need, often leaving them with no other option but to resort to crime[3]. Very close to this analysis is the approach of Radical Criminology. This uses Marx’s ideas of capitalist society and social classes claiming that â€Å"much proletarian offending could be redefined as a form of redistributive class justice or as a sign of the possessive individualism which resided in the core values of capitalist society†[4]. Radical Criminology went a step further by arguing that individuals from working classes who resort to crime are in reality victims of a false consciousness that turns proletarian against proletarian. The ultimate goal is to preserve unequal class relations, masking the real nature of crime and repression in capitalist society[5]. Irrespective of whether we adopt the sociological explanation of the Traditional or Radical Criminology, there is still a paradox that both theories seem to overlook. If crime is closely related to class, social deprivation and poverty – regardless of whether this is a construct of capitalism or simply a means to survival – there is still not an adequate explanation as to why the female and older groups that form great part of poor classes render very low criminality rates. The correlation between, crime, poverty and gender/age The two most powerful demographic features that discriminate between offenders and non-offenders but at same time provide a good explanation of criminal behaviour are gender and age. At one time there was so little criminality from female and older groups that criminologists turned their attention to it. John Hagan justified the low crime levels within female groups by saying that male groups often see crime as a source of fun and excitement, which is not often the case with female groups which are more family-oriented due to the maternity role they carry[6]. Moreover, daughters are believed to be more frequently subject to intense, continual and diffuse family control in the private and domestic environments and this gradually develops among female groups a stronger feeling of emotional sanctions than physical or custodial controls. Therefore, shaming methodologies and the withdrawn of love and affection have greater impact on female groups than incapacitation. This system does not need the intervention of the criminal justice system but of close family guidance. Finally, this close family control also encourages female groups to stay away from the â€Å"purview of agents of formal social control†[7]. Carlen’s findings reinforce this theory as he collected evidence that showed â€Å"female criminals were most likely to emerge when domestic family controls were removed altogether†[8]. With minor exceptions the crimes of the elderly have not been in the focus of criminological attention[9]. Stephens argues that older people who belong to poor classes are more concerned with survival issues and do not feel empowered to resort to crime apart from occasional petty offences. They also lack the physical and psychological motivation to commit serious crimes such as murder or robbery. However, this is not the case with older people from wealthy classes as these groups are most often characterised by power, greed. They also carry the advantage of experience. However, again, they lack the physical energy to commit violent crimes and that is why they tend to focus on financial offences. Conclusion It is apparent from the above analysis that sociological theories that use poverty and social deprivation to explain crime do not clash with the low levels of criminality within female and older groups. Male groups from poor classes render higher rates because they do not experience the same control mechanisms that female and older groups receive. When these mechanisms are lifted (e.g. because there is no close family control or because the feeling of survival is not that evident), then the risk is the same. Bibliography Box S (1983) Power, Crime and Mystification, London: Tavistock. Carlen P (1988) Women, Crime and Poverty, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Durkheim E (1953) The Division of Labour in Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press Rock P (1997) â€Å"Sociological Theories of Crime† The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haggan J (1979) â€Å"The Sexual Stratification of Social Control† 30 British Journal of Sociology. Stephens J (1976) Loners, Losers and Lovers. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington. Young J (1988) â€Å"Radical Criminology in Britain: The Emergence of a Competing Paradigm† 28 British Journal of Criminology 1 Footnotes [1] Young J (1988) â€Å"Radical Criminology in Britain: The Emergence of a Competing Paradigm† 28 British Journal of Criminology, page 175. [2] The Oxford English Dictionary [3] Durkheim E (1893) The Division of Labour in Society, later reprinted as Durkheim E (1953) The Division of Labour in Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press [4] Rock P (1997) â€Å"Sociological Theories of Crime† The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [5] Box S (1983) Power, Crime and Mystification, London: Tavistock. [6] Haggan J (1979) â€Å"The Sexual Stratification of Social Control† 30 British Journal of Sociology. [7] Loc cit supra note 4 page 243. [8] Carlen P (1988) Women, Crime and Poverty, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. [9] One exception is Stephens J (1976) Loners, Losers and Lovers. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington.

Management :: essays research papers

Level of planning paper In 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless; the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscriber’s line, is the number one telecommunication industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine; it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts; he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their research the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibility:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethic and Governance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Service and Innovation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empowering Employees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promoting Community’s Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protecting the Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partnering with Communities Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external. Verizon Communications Inc is one of the world's leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services. Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nation's most reliable wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States. Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services. International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe. Strategic Planning Process Strategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses on Keeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, an organization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. ( Strengths Verizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as. Cost advantage Differentiation advantage Verizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage). Management :: essays research papers Level of planning paper In 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless; the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscriber’s line, is the number one telecommunication industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine; it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts; he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their research the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibility:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethic and Governance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Service and Innovation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empowering Employees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promoting Community’s Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Protecting the Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Partnering with Communities Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external. Verizon Communications Inc is one of the world's leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services. Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nation's most reliable wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States. Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services. International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe. Strategic Planning Process Strategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses on Keeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, an organization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. ( Strengths Verizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as. Cost advantage Differentiation advantage Verizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage).

Air Industry Analysis Essay

Executive Summary Airlines companies are undergoing major changes to cope with the new challenges of the modern economy. Geopolitical factors, such as war and terrorism, the financial crisis of 2009, high entry barriers, as well as extreme weather events, are some of the factors that are driving these changes. Costs in fuel prices, wages and ticket prices are some of the demand drivers of this multi-billionaire industry. Also, there has been an industry-wide shakedown, which will have far-reaching effects on the industry’s trend towards expanding domestic and international services. The perception that air travel is an ordeal continues to grow, making it very difficult for airlines to charge the higher prices that are necessary to return to profitability. Today Airlines provide a vital service, but factors including like the continuing existence of loss-making carriers, bloated cost structure, vulnerability to exogenous events and a reputation for poor service combine to present a huge impedime nt to profitability. While a handful of low-cost airlines have successfully managed to post consistent profits, by and large, profitable airlines are few and far between. Introduction The global airline industry provides transportation to virtually every corner of the world. The airline companies employ many people, hold multi-billion dollar equipment inventory, and generate billions of dollars in yearly gross revenue. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism. However, the industry can be very vulnerable to government regulations, economic influences, extreme weather events and geopolitical factors such as war and terrorism. The SIC/NAICS code for the industry is 4512 /4811. The NAICS term for the industry is â€Å"Scheduled air transportation† . The industry is further classified into 2 NAICS codes – 481111 for Scheduled passenger transportation and 48112 for Scheduled Freight Transportation. Per NCAIS, â€Å"This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing air transportation of passengers or passengers and freight over regular routes and on regular schedules. Establishments in this industry operate flights even if partially loaded. Scheduled air passenger carriers including commuter and helicopter carriers (except scenic and sightseeing) are included in this industry.† History The commercial airline industry in the US grew at a fast rate after the World War III. The commercial aviation industry in the United States has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. In 1945 the major airlines flew 3.3 billion revenue passenger miles (RPMs). By the mid 1970s, when deregulation was beginning to develop, the major carriers flew 130 billion RPMs. By 1988, after a decade of deregulation, the number of domestic RPMs had reached 330 billion (Source: Winds of Change). Up to the 1970s the industry was heavily regulated around the world. However, in 1976 under the recommendation of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the regulatory system was dismantled by the US Congress. Most of the industrialized world soon followed suite. The Airline Deregulation Act passed in the US in 1978 eased the entry of new companies into the business and gave them freedom to set their own fares and fly whatever domestic routes they chose. This lead to a swarm of new entrants, lower fare s and the opening of new routes and services to all over the country. Organization The major Capital expenditure for the airline industry is the cost of the airplanes. Boeing and Airbus are the two major providers of aircrafts to the industry. Other than that the Airports Authorities are the other major service providers to the airline industry. Airline fuel is another major product the the industry buys from external suppliers. The industry itself provides the rest major services- Flight operations, aircraft maintenance, passenger service ( (in-flight food, flight attendants) and Aircraft traffic services (baggage and passenger handling). Governmental Factors As mentioned earlier government factors play a big role in the industry. The growth of the industry post the 1976 deregulation illustrates this point. Government policies that impact the economy also have a big impact on the industry profits as was seen during the 1990 global recession and the 2001 US economic downturn. Wars and Geopolitical tensions that impact the airline fuel supplies also pose threat to the industry. Environmental Factors Environmental factors such as bad weather conditions can force planes to be delayed, canceled or even to divert to another airport. In such cases the airlines are forced to pay for lodging and meals of the affected passengers and in some cases refund tickets. An extreme sample of this is the airline disruption caused by the ash from the volcanic eruption in Iceland in 2010. It could have cost the industry more than $1.7 bln according an estimate by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Market Structure The airlines industry has undergone major changes since 1978 due to the deregulation and the economic liberalization, where restrictions on the routes and fares charged were removed. Thus in order to obtain the cost efficient and to concentrate traffic to one airport the Hub-and-spokes was created to move passengers from smaller cities and gathered a group of passengers in a major city airport to be transported from a major hub of one city to another major hub. This new system allows the airline industry to retain the oligopolistic market due to the huge barriers that obstruct competition. From one hand the government regulations established barriers for airports such us a slot management system that demonstrate there is a failure in the investment of governments in adequate infrastructure, gate constraints due to exclusive leasing arrangements and gates usage in congested cities is limiting the entry despite the share usage between airlines. â€Å"Airlines need certainty because they have invested billions of dollars in aircraft. They must be certain they will have access to the infrastructure for the next 25-30 years and this is why historic (grandfather) rights are appropriate.† (Airlines International, 2010). On the other hand the hub and spoke system allows major airline firms to restrict the entrance of new competitor, because they have captured the market of small and big cities with a large economy of scale and a big profit margin, price flexibility, and other rights like reserved slots that was very difficult to be matched by new airlines, protecting them from new competitors developing a mature oligopoly where the prices are set by the leaders and the others airlines followed, practicing parallel pricing. All the studies reviewed suggested that despite the benefits of airline deregulation, there are many factors that continued preventing airlines to get advantage of this economic deregulation due not only to the airport restrictions but also due to computer-reservation systems, benefits of frequent-flyer programs, economies of scale of operation. This fact can be evidence after the deregulation when many new airlines attempted to get into the market but the majority failed due to the high cost associated with gates, slots and other airports facilities did not let them to compete with prices as a result this new competitors were acquired by the already established ones. (Seng, 2007) According to RITA, the U.S., Research and Innovative Technology bureau Transportation’s statistics the largest carrier for domestic market from May 2011 through April 2012 was Delta followed by Southwest and American (see table No.1.) It is important to mention that with the merger of United and Continental, they could become the largest carrier if the tendency remains. (Jenkins, 2011) As we can observe, the 55.9% of the market is hold by Delta, Southwest, American, and United,. In order to open the market for new carriers and generate airfare competition the government has to work on expanding the access to new gates, baggage claim areas and slots, otherwise the existent oligopolistic market will continue prevailing. Industry Demand The US airline industry demand is affected by the current market that has generated unstable conditions due to the high dependency and reaction to many factors like regulation, fuel price, inflation, security and competition. In addition this industry was also affected by the financial crisis during 2009 that had a great impact in market demand, thought due to the revival of the economy the travel demand has started improving since 2010. According to RITA â€Å"There were 2.1 percent fewer passengers in the April 2009 to April 2010 period compared to April 2008 to April 2009. From the year ending April 2010 to the year ending in April 2011, system wide passenger numbers on US airlines increased 2.9 percent† (Smallen,2011) As a result of the deregulation of the airline industry in 1979 the traffic of passengers increased and the ticket prices decreased. In this environment there was more competition and less demand, the operating cost and margin profit were affected and the maj or firms filed for bankruptcy falling from six major airlines (united, America, Delta, Eastern, TWA, and Pan Am) to three by 1991 (United, American and Delta). The new challenge for airlines was reconfigured routes and making improvements in capacity and utilization to reach the expected efficiency and offer better service to the general public. Indeed security had a great impact on the demand of airlines. After attack of 9/11 domestic passengers demand went down by more than 30 percent, which caused a reduction on routes and numbers of flights not to mention that planes were grounded and thousands of workers were laid off. To rebuild the public confidence in the air transportation, both airlines and government started working together. These security measures have managed to allay the public fear. According to Bisignani, â€Å" Despite severe shocks in recent years-including the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and outbreaks of avian flu-the demand for air travel is at record levels and is expected to grow an average of 6 percent each year for the foreseeable future. People need to fly. More important, people want to fly†. ( Bisignani,200 6) The peak in oil prices during 2008 and the financial crisis during 2009 affected and slowed down the numbers of passengers ,specially leisure travelers, as the prices of oil pushed up fares, and people’s disposable income decreased. The demand for business travel also shifted left. The industry responded with fiercely competing on the airfare which resulted in huge revenue losses and forced major airlines like American Airlines to be restructured. The airline industry overcame this crisis due to people’s need to fly for business and personal purposes and due to the absence of any other alternate mode of long-distance transportation. The use of substitutes such car, train diminishes with distance travelled. This demonstrates that the demand for air transportation is inelastic for longer flights and for business purposes. The lack of substitutes let the airline industry to move without a real external competitor, the passenger trains, bus and personal automobiles are not a viable option for traveling long distances and for business travel. In addition for leisure purposes the demand is more elastic because travelers are more likely to change destination or postpone trips expecting lower ticket prices. Despite the events of security breaches, wars and the economy, the demand for air flight has increased and is expected to continue increasing. The airlines continue to compete among themselves with pricing and offering complementary goods such hospitality, policies, car rental, hotels and tourist packages as the opportunities to improve their sales. Cost structure In the airlines industry, fixed costs are high, while variable costs tend to be low. Costs are fixed and variable at different points in time. That is, the timeframe in this market is important to categorize cost on their relation to output. With the commoditization of air travel, cost structure is now a key success factor in the industry. Central cost items are fuel, capital and wage costs. Costs in fuel prices, which are exogenous as is the time series for the average fuel efficiency of planes; constant dollar amount per seat mile that grows at the rate indicated by the Producer Price Index; and wages, which are based on several factors, such as inflation, industry margins, and average worker tenure. Concerning wages, they are fixed costs in short term decisions and variable in the longer term, where total wage costs change in relation to volume of activity as a result of recruitment, retirement, and dismissals. Consequently, effective management of fuel, maintenance, and labor cos ts is mandatory in the current environment in this industry (Harmsen, 2007). Fixed costs are costs that are unaffected by changes in volume. These costs are always constant even when production varies. One example of fixed cost is rent of premises. In the extremely short term, all costs are fixed, while all costs may be regarded as variable in the very long term, which will be described later, in this section. A good example to illustrate could be long-term leasing aircraft leasing contracts. In the short run the airline would be unable to avoid these payments no matter how it adjusts output. Therefore, lease payment is a fixed cost in the short run, but in the long run they are variable, because contractual obligations will expire (Vasigh, Fleming, & Tacker, 2008). Variable costs are costs that increase or decrease with fluctuations in production. In the aviation market, infrastructure, wear, and the bulk of the fuel are often placed in the variable cost bracket. These normal variable costs are then adjusted by the eï ¬â‚¬ect of congestion, since large load factors add costs from increased services, cancellations, and many other sources. As mentioned on the fore above, costs in the airlines industry are fixed and variable at different points in time. For the purpose of pricing, for instance, a cost structure is required that expresses the time horizon at which different cost categories may be considered fixed and variable. We will describe them with at least three different time spans: medium-long term, short term, and very short term, as follows. * Medium-long term: once the schedule is in place, the costs of operating air services are relatively fixed. This means that capital costs for aircraft, pilots’ wages, technical staff and other skilled labor cannot be influenced. * Short-term: once the carrier decides to embark on the flight, all costs under the medium-long term heading become fixed as do the costs for infrastructure charges (except passenger service charges), wear and the bulk of the fuel. * Very short term: the costs for ticketing, food, travel agency commissions, and extra fuel consumption due to the advent of an extra passenger become fixed once the carrier has decided to accept a ticket reservation. Moreover, wage, capital, and fuel costs are decided to a great extent in markets where it may reasonably be assumed that a single carrier has little influence over prices. Experience shows, however, that major carriers are able to influence all the above costs through negotiation. It is very difficult to observers outside the airline industry to assess the extent of these potential negotiating gains. Analysis of Competitive Forces (Porter’s five forces) The threat of entry by new competitors The threat of entry by new competitors in the Airline Industry is moderate. Being a capital intensive industry, new entrants would require large amounts of money. However, with easy access to bank loans and credit the likelihood of new airlines entering the market has risen. There are still a lot of barriers to entry in the industry. Higher Oil prices would require the airline to operate at full capacity to be profitable and smaller airports do not provide sufficient passenger traffic. New entrants would also have difficulty getting gates at the airports which major airlines use as their hubs. This acts as a barrier for them to operate on more lucrative routes. Major airlines also have stronger brand recognition and have garnered customer loyalty through their frequent flyer programs. Skybus Airlines, Independence Air, ATA Airlines and Maxjet Airways are among the most recent examples of new entrants that have failed to survive in the industry. Even Virgin America, the most successful of new carriers, has so far failed to turn a profit since entering the market 5 years ago. So while entering the new market might be easy, success stories such as that of Southwest & AirTran & JetBlue have been far and few. Pressure from substitute products The pressure from substitute products is weak for the American airline industry. Air travel being the fastest way to travel from one origin to another has no true substitute. Lack of extensive and long distance public transportation system within US reduces the likelihood of someone taking a train or bus to their destinations. Furthermore, time consumption and convenience would also discourage customers to take these options or to drive themselves.However emerging technologies could, in a long run, generate viable substitutes. For instance, more and more companies adopting video-conferencing could impact business travel for meetings and discussions. People could opt for using online chat to virtually meet with their friends and family instead of spending large amounts of money on airline travel. The intensity of rivalry among existing competitor Airline industry is highly competitive as there are several airlines operating on the same routes. These airlines compete by trying to differentiate themselves from others by providing different services – low-fares, frequent flyer membership privileges, no baggage fee, no cancellation fee etc. Competition between the majors and the low-cost carriers has resulted in a downward pressure on the fares, benefiting the travelers but at the same time lowering the revenue for the airlines (see figure). This combined with lower demand and excess capacity has lead to a consolidation trend in the industry. Recent consolidations include – United & Continental, Delta & Northwest and Southwest & Airtran. Such consolidations could lead to monopolization of a market where the majors already rule the roost. The Bargaining power of buyers The buyers are the passengers, for either business or leisure purposes. In the aviation market, the bargaining power of buyers is quite low. The power that airline customers have varies based on the options available to them and the origin-destination city pair. Even though there are high costs involved with switching airplanes, there is not much ability to compete on service. For instance, the seat in one airline is probably not more comfortable than another, unless a potential buyer is analyzing a luxury liner. Other macro environmental trends are the weather, which is variable and unpredictable, and may shut down airports and cancel flights; and airport capacities. Hence, there are pockets where some airlines have pricing power. In this case, the overall airline industry is characterized by significant buyer power stemming from the intense price competition among airlines (Sundaresa, 2009). Since the concentration and size of the buyers in the airlines industry is relatively lower than the number of suppliers it is not difficult to observe that buyers are more aware of the price, product, and services and discounts available at their disposal. The bargaining Power of Supplier The three major inputs for the airline industry are airplanes, labor and fuel. In terms of suppliers of commercial airplanes there are three major Air Bus, Boeing and McDonnell Douglas, it seems like this few suppliers will have great power in the industry but instead they compete between themselves developing technology, capacity of passengers, mechanics training and giving solutions to improve cost effective exploitation of airplanes between others. The second input is labor such as pilots, mechanics, ground personnel and flight attendants , in general they are unionized playing a critical role in the industry. According to IATA â€Å"About half of all workers in the air transportation industry are unionized, 49.3% of workers being union members and 51.6% being covered by collective bargaining agreements in 2006† (http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Hirsch_Unions_Wages.pdf) The fuel is an important variable due to the price and its volatility but the market has many suppliers that compete to sell large volumes of fuel but they do not control the price because it is an external factor. (Hirsch, 2007) Conclusion The growth in the airlines industry shows no signs of slowing. The recent industry-wide shakedown will have far-reaching effects on the industry’s trend towards expanding domestic and international services. Despite the events of security breaches, wars and the economy, the demand for air flight is expected to continue increasing. The airlines continue to compete among themselves with pricing and offering complementary goods such hospitality, policies, car rental, hotels and tourist packages as the opportunity to improve their sales. The industry’s challenges for the 21st century are the rising costs of fuel, labor, maintenance and security, the impact of technology, such as telecommunication and video conferencing, as well as bankruptcies and shutdowns. However, the overall perspective of demand has been consistently increasing. Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing fr eedom. This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. Moreover, in the aviation market, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements, mergers, or takeovers. In summary, the perspectives for the airline industry are bright and it also holds many challenges. Macro-external environment may directly affect is profitability and operation. Low cost airlines have radically altered the nature of competition within the industry. For low cost, the airlines companies should continue maintaining the existing business model by reducing the cost to improve their product. Turning a profit in a competitive industry with high fixed costs isn’t about gouging consumers on baggage fees. Rather, it’s about paying careful attention to numerous behind-the-scenes expenses, and looking for opportunities to charge passengers for optional extras while keepi ng ticket prices low. References: Lee, Tail (2002). Competitive Airlines. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/58820847/31/The-cost-structure-of-the-airline-industry#page=53 Pierson, Kawika (2011). Cyclical dynamics of airlines industry profits. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http://willamette.academia.edu/KawikaPierson/Papers/461653/Cyclical_Dynamics_of_Airline_Industry_Profits Sundaresa, Sankar R. (2009). Introduction analysis of the airline industry. Retrieved July 17, 2012 from http://bcs.solano.edu/workarea/mgarnier/MGMT%2050/Southwest%20Porters%20-%20Brief%202.pdf The industry handbook: The airline industry. Retrieved July 13, 2012 from http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/airline.asp#axzz20tWDcbCM Using macro and micro environment analytical techniques provide a comparative analysis of leadership and the external environment for the following four airlines: AirTran, Delta, West Jest, and Air Canada. (n.d.) Retrieved July 8, 2012 from http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/free-manag ement-essays/environmental-analytical-techniques/ Smallen Dave (2011) April 2011 Airline System Traffic Up 1.4 Percent from April 2010. Retrieve July 12 from http://www.rita.dot.gov/rita_archives/bts_press_releases/2011/bts036_11/html/bts036_11.html) Bisignani, Giovanni (2006) The airline industry is going to collapse. Retrieve July 13 2012, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2006/01/04/think_again_airlines?page=full Jenkins, Darryl Consumer Regulation and Taxation of the U.S. Airline Industry Estimating the Burden for Airlines and the Local Impact November 16, 2011. Retrieve July 7, 2012 http://www.aviationinstitute.org/AAIReportNov11.pdf Seng, Pauline.. Increasing Competition in the U.S. Domestic Airline Industry through International Competition.December 20, 2007 Snider, Connan. Barriers to Entry in the Airline Industry: A Regression Discontinuity Approach January 2011. Retrieve July 7 2012. http://www.econ.ucla.edu/people/papers/Snider/Snider507.pdf Hirsch, Barry (2007) Unions and Wages in the US Airlines Industry . Retrieved July 18, 2012 from http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Hirsch_Unions_Wages.pdf) Airlines International (2010). Retrieved july 18, 2012 http://www.iata.org/pressroom/airlines-international/august-2010/pages/06.aspx Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0112/The-Economics-Of-Discount-Airlines.aspx#ixzz21JqFZHYR http://www.firstresearch.com/industry-research/Airlines.html http://voices.yahoo.com/airline-industry-profile-1885428.html?cat=3 http://web.mit.edu/airlines/analysis/analysis_airline_industry.html